LEBANESE WOMEN -- Most beautiful in the world...

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Arab Christians

Today there are 14 Million Christians in the Arab world descendants of those who did not convert to nor embrace Islam. Palestine is well known in the Bible and it is considered the cradle of Christianity. There are several other Arab countries that capture portions of the Old and New Testaments passages namely Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq and Syria. After the advent of Islam Christianity disappeared completely in certain countries such as Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and the Arabian peninsula.

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The Republic of Lebanon is a state in the Eastern Mediterranean. It is a fertile and mountainous enclave between Israel and Syria. Once a French-mandated territory, Lebanon became an independent republic in 1943, with a constitution based on a delicate balance between the 17 recognized religious communities.

The mass influx of Palestinian refugees between 1948 and 1976 upset the status quo, bringing a civil war. A measure of peace wrought by the Syrian army in 1992 opened the
way for a new government, though still under Syrian oversight.

Lebanon has religious freedom, making it the only Arab state that is not officially Muslim. However, personal conversion to Christ has immense social consequences.

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What's it all about?
Genetic research underway in Lebanon and other locations around the Mediterranean basin proves that the Lebanese carry Phoenician genetic identifiers and belong to both Muslims and Christian sects of the country. Further, preponderance of these identifiers is predominant among the people of the coastal areas. What is also evident is that there were three major genetic "waves" that had an impact on the population of Lebanon. These waves were European through the Crusades, Arab through the Conquest of Islam from the Arabian Peninsula and Turkish through the Seljuk Turks invasion from Central Asia.

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Proving history through science
"The Phoenicians are returning." That is what DNA research tells us through recent studies. Historical credence to their existence and their history is being restored through scientific means. What has been discovered indicates that the genetic make up of the Lebanese, especially those of the coastal areas, is Phoenician. Further, it was discovered that various percentages of the inhabitants of the islands of Malta, Sardinia, as well as parts of ancient Carthage in Tunisia, Gibraltar, Spain and the islands of the Aegean are of Phoenician origin, also.

What's it all about?
Genetic research underway in Lebanon and other locations around the Mediterranean basin

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There are unique and specific genetic distinctions that are evident in some regions or towns in Lebanon where their Christian or Muslim population maintained distinctive genetic identifiers.

The study is not, as yet, complete and is headed by Dr. Pierre Zalloua, geneticist at the American University of Beirut. His project is sponsored by the National Geographic Magazine to explore the truth about the origin of the Phoenicians.

The "curse" and the paradox
Among the historical trivia regarding the mysterious Phoenicians is, though they invented the alphabet and spread it around the ancient world, their written works were mostly lost. What the world knows about them is through their enemies or competitors – the Greeks and Romans.

Maybe, because of their lost records and to break that "curse", a new alphabet came about to resurrect them. That is through a different alphabet, the molecular letters of DNA. This special alphabet reads the Y chromosome.

The research study
Dr. Pierre Zalloua, who came up with the idea, and his research partner, National Geographic Emerging Explorer Spencer Wells started work two years ago on this study sponsored by the National Geographic Magazine with $1,000,000. The objectives of the study pursue the precise reading of the genetic makeup of the Lebanese and populations from the Mediterranean basin where they established colonies. The study, that extends over five or six years, attempts to prove the genetic relationship between Phoenicians of the colonies of Carthage, Malta, Sardinia Cadiz, Marseilles and others with those of the homeland of Tyre, Sidon, Byblos or the Phoenician homeland. Further, the study aims to prove that all these Phoenician Canaanites belong to the same genetic origin and are those that settled the eastern Mediterranean 5,000 years ago.

The way through which the objectives will be achieved is through tracing part of the Y chromosome that does not mutate. Men transmit it to their sons, generation after generation without any change. It is a fixed marker that does not break throughout history.

Points of reference
The reference of the genetic prototype for the Phoenician makeup is based on human remains discovered in Turkey, as well as a human jaw—perhaps up to 4,000 years old—found in a mountain cave at Raskif

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Lebanon. Additional human remains are used, as well, for constructing a clear image of the Phoenician genetic point of reference. What is known at this point is that haplogroup J2 (M172) is this point of reference. Haplogroup J2 is found frequently in Lebanon, Greece, Turkey (aboriginal not Seljuk), Italy, and the Caucus region6,7,8,9,10.

Zalloua and Wells had to go to the Turkey National Museum to get DNA samples from a Phoenician sarcophagus, since Lebanon’s National Museum shamfefully denied their request for a sample. Dr. Zalloua had to admit that he was disappointed in the lack of cooperation he received from the archaeologists in Lebanon.“They did not believe in our cause, that we are all one or at least have a common ancestral background, and hence, should not fight about that.”

Some details
This genetic work is relatively simple even though it is going to take many years to analyze after having gathered blood samples exclusively from males of the said population. Up this point, Dr. Zalloua has taken 2,000 blood samples of men in Lebanon in the coastal areas, on one hand, and from the mountains and the Beqaa, on the other hand.

Consequently, based on the bones of the ancients and the DNA of the living the texts of history are about to be verified.

Results and surprises
One of the biggest surprises discovered till now is the genetic relationship between the people of Malta and the people of the Lebanese coast. Genetic similarities between the two groups are so high that they are a cause of amazement and surprise. What this has proven, so far, is the validity of the accounts of Phoenician history, on one hand, against the results of genetic studies in geographical areas of Phoenician colonies, on the other.

Genetic studies underway will clear the mystery of the Phoenicians, and perhaps, embarrass many others. It is going to address a struggle over the history and ancestry of Lebanon which used to be thought of as a struggle over myths.

The AUB Bulletin Today (May 2005, Vol. 6 No. 6)-- official news publication of the American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
'"Because of his experience in and close connection to the Phoenician genographic project, Zalloua was then asked to participate in a much bigger multimillion-dollar global genographic project, which is being funded principally by National Geographic and IBM.* This genetic study, which will incorporate the entire world, was officially launched in Washington, DC, on April 12, 2005, and will entail installing ten bases of research around the world.

"Lebanon, through the AUB Medical Center, was chosen as the center for genetic studies on the indigenous populations of the Middle East and North Africa and Pierre Zalloua was selected at its head. As he explains it, the global genographic project will look into population migration throughout history and the world.'Human

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Older Mediterranean Substratum Genetic Origins of the Lebanese3,4

The research
Researchers from the Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, H. 12 de Octubre, at the "Universidad Complutense", from Madrid, Spain, and Tissue Typing Laboratory Institute of Blood Transfusion, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, conducted the first genetic research on a number of groups of people from various areas around the Mediterranean, the Near East and Africa. Though their study focused on the Macedonians vis-à-vis other population, the result of the study brought about interesting and remarkable results regarding the origins of the Lebanese.

HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigens) alleles have been determined in individuals from the Republic of Macedonia by DNA typing and sequencing. HLA-A,-B,-DR,-DQ allele frequencies and extended haplotypes have been for the first time determined and the results compared to those of other Mediterraneans.

Samples studied
The study used the following samples for their calculations: 172 unrelated ethnic Macedonians from Skopje; 98 Moroccans; 98 Berbers; 94 Moroccan Jews; 176 Spaniards; 80 Basques; 228 Portuguese; 179 French; 102 Algerians; 91 Sardinians; 284 Italians; 80 Ashkenazi Jews; 80 non-Ashkenazi Jews; 135 Cretans; 85 Greeks from the Aegean; 95 Greeks from Attica; 101 Greeks from Cyprus; 59 Lebanese from Niha el Shouff; 93 Lebanese from Kafar Zubian; 100 Iranians; 228 Turks; 105 Armenians; 101 Egyptians from Siwa; 83 Oromo; 98 Amhara; 38 Fulani; 39 Rimaibe; 42 Mossi; 77 San (Bushmen); 192 Senegalese; and 86 South African Blacks.

Conclusion
The major conclusion reached that relates to the Lebanese indicates that they belong to the "older" Mediterranean substratum. This means that the Lebanese share the same genetic identifiers like the Macedonians*, Iberians (including Basques), North Africans, Italians, French, Cretans, Jews, Anatolians (aboriginal Turks), Armenians and Iranians.

Sources:

1. "Who were the Phoenicians." National Geographic (October 2004)
2. Bazzi, Yousef, Al-Mustaqbal, Tuesday, September 12, 2004, Number 1721 page 1 (adapted translation)
3. "Are We Phoenicians After All?" The AUB Bulletin Today (May 2005, Vol. 6 No. 6)
4. Stojkovski, Dragi, Macedonian Herald, November-December, 2001, Toronto
5. Arniaz-Villena, et al. "HLA genes in Macedonians..." Tissue Antigens, February 2001, volume 57, issue 2, pages 118-12
6. Cinnioglu, C. et al.(2004), Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia, Human Genetics 114(2):127-48.

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7. Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area, American Journal of Human Genetics 74(5):1023-34.
8. King, R. and Underhill, P.A.(2002), Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted pottery and ceramic figurines with Y-chromosome lineages, Antiquity 76:704-714
9. Di Giacomo, F. et al.(2003), Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28(3):387-95.
10. Nasidze, I. et al.(2003), Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus: evidence from the Y-chromosome, Human Genetics 112(3):255-61.

* Note: The Macedonians (of what today is considered part of Greece, i.e. not the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) consider themselves a race separate and different from the Greeks, Bulgarians or Slavs. Parts of historical Macedonia were taken over by Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Albania. To learn more about the subject follow the link History of Macedonia.org , a site dedicated to the history and struggle of the Macedonian nation and/or to register any objections regarding this statement.

Additional Reading

Additional related material on the origin of the Lebanese and the Y chromosome in Spanish, please see the GENÉTICA Y ANTROPOLOGÍA RACIAL DE LIBANESES -- Anthropology and genetics of the Lebanese in this site.


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Additional references, sources and bibliography
Phoenicia, A Bequest Unearthed -- Phoenician Encyclopedia
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"A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia" — Encyclopedia Phoeniciana
Virtual Center for Phoenician Studies
Thursday, May 15, 2008

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information http://phoenicia.org/genetics.html from Virtual Center for Phoenician Studies Georges Elias
Sydney- Australia

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arab christians like you and mr retard eropa all christians in lebanon are arabs phoenicians came from sydon byblos and tyre and both muslims and christians have phoenician dna read it and weep bitch and stop repeating stuff some five year old as posted on wikipedia lebanese maronite christians are from the lavant in greater sryia there are hardly any lebanese christians in beirut or byblos or tyre maronites are sryian arabs and they spoke arabian not european they spoke arabic sinse the 9th century you are a jealous cow

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and all the girls on here look like arab lebanese christian sluts and a poster child for barbie

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Arab Christians have always existed in the Middle East, and long before the advent of Islam. In Lebanon today they number about 1.3 million (about one-third of the population) mainly of Maronite denomination. In Syria they number approximately two million (or about 10% of the population) which include a significant community of Maronites. In Egypt, Christians, mostly Copts, are about 4.5 million, or about 6% of the population. There are one million in Iraq of various denominations, or about 4% the population. The Christians of Palestine and Jordan may number 600,000, but so many population shifts had taken place that it is difficult to venture a reliable estimate.

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Arab Christians are Arabs

By Raja G. Mattar A few weeks ago I received by email an article by a Dr. Walid Phares titled "Arab Christians who are they?" Initially I brushed it off as rather inconsequential, but it subsequently came to my attention that Dr. Phares is promoting some rather bizarre ideas about Arab Christians on the lecture and TV circuit in the U.S., contesting their Arab ethnicity and claiming their persecution by Moslems. Being an Arab Christian myself, I would like to use some of the views of Dr. Phares as an entry point to highlight the falsities being promulgated by him and a few others under the guise of scholarly studies. Sadly, many of these anti-Arab activists fit the characterization of 'self-hating Arabs'.

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The Christians of Lebanon, Syria and Palestine played a pioneering role in reviving Arab culture from the comatose state it was in under the Ottomans.
The renaissance of Arab culture owes a great deal to the many Christian Arab scholars who were among the forerunners in shaping Arab national identity.

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arab Christians have always existed in the Middle East, and long before the advent of Islam. In Lebanon today they number about 1.3 million (about one-third of the population) mainly of Maronite denomination. In Syria they number approximately two million (or about 10% of the population) which include a significant community of Maronites. In Egypt, Christians, mostly Copts, are about 4.5 million, or about 6% of the population. There are one million in Iraq of various denominations, or about 4% the population. The Christians of Palestine and Jordan may number 600,000, but so many population shifts had taken place that it is difficult to venture a reliable estimate.

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the Christians of Lebanon, Syria and Palestine played a pioneering role in reviving Arab culture from the comatose state it was in under the Ottomans.
The renaissance of Arab culture owes a great deal to the many Christian Arab scholars who were among the forerunners in shaping Arab national identity.
The Maronites role, in particular, was of major cultural importance. In Lebanon they are the backbone of its cultural diversity. A Saudi friend once commented that if the Maronites did not exist we would have to invent them!

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there have been occasional claims that the Maronites can trace their ancestry to Phoenicians. This is a myth intended to distance the Maronites from their Arab roots. The Maronites were inhabitants of Orontes (Al-Assi) valley in Syria. They are most probably descendants of some Arab tribes who never converted to Islam. The eminent Lebanese historian Kamal Salibi (incidentally, a Christian) in his 'A House of Many Mansions'[1988] states (ch. 6): "It is very possible that We have helped the nascent Arab empire in its early years gain access to the Greek classics, we have helped reawaken Arab identity from its Ottoman stupor. Let us not allow Western and/or Israeli fundamentalists to cast a pathe Maronites, as a community of Arabian origin, were among the last Arabian Christian tribes to arrive in Syria before Islam.. Certainly, since the 9th century, their language has been Arabic, which indicates that they must have originated as an Arab tribal community.. The fact that Syriac remains the language of their liturgy. is irrelevant. Syriac, which is the Christian literary form of Aramaic, was originally the liturgical language of all the Arab and Arameo-Arab Christian sects, in Arabia as well as in Syria and Iraq." Salibi also notes (in ch.
4), that Patriarch Istifan Duwayhi, a Maronite historian of the 17th century, points out that the Maronites "had to move their seat out of the valley of the Orontes to Mount Lebanon as a result of Byzantine, not Muslim persecution." Salibi further goes on to say: "Between 969 and 1071. the Byzantines were in actual control of the Orontes valley.. They must have subjected the Maronites to enough persecution to force them to abandon the place and join their co-religionists in Mount Lebanon..

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The Christians of Lebanon, Syria and Palestine played a pioneering role in reviving Arab culture from the comatose state it was in under the Ottomans.
The renaissance of Arab culture owes a great deal to the many Christian Arab scholars who were among the forerunners in shaping Arab national identity.
The Maronites role, in particular, was of major cultural importance. In Lebanon they are the backbone of its cultural diversity. A Saudi friend once commented that if the Maronites did not exist we would have to invent them!

[moronic maronites]

here have been occasional claims that the Maronites can trace their ancestry to Phoenicians. This is a myth intended to distance the Maronites from their Arab roots. The Maronites were inhabitants of Orontes (Al-Assi) valley in Syria. They are most probably descendants of some Arab tribes who never converted to Islam. The eminent Lebanese historian Kamal Salibi (incidentally, a Christian) in his 'A House of Many Mansions'[1988] states (ch. 6): "It is very possible that the Maronites, as a community of Arabian origin, were among the last Arabian Christian tribes to arrive in Syria before Islam.. Certainly, since the 9th century, their language has been Arabic, which indicates that they must have originated as an Arab tribal community.. The fact that Syriac remains the language of their liturgy. is irrelevant. Syriac, which is the Christian literary form of Aramaic, was originally the liturgical language of all the Arab and Arameo-Arab Christian sects, in Arabia as well as in Syria and Iraq." Salibi also notes (in ch.

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Syriac, which is the Christian literary form of Aramaic, was originally the liturgical language of all the Arab and Arameo-Arab Christian sects, in Arabia as well as in Syria and Iraq." Salibi also notes (in ch.
4), that Patriarch Istifan Duwayhi, a Maronite historian of the 17th century, points out that the Maronites "had to move their seat out of the valley of the Orontes to Mount Lebanon as a result of Byzantine, not Muslim persecution." Salibi further goes on to say: "Between 969 and 1071. the Byzantines were in actual control of the Orontes valley.. They must have subjected the Maronites to enough persecution to force them to abandon the place and join their co-religionists in Mount Lebanon.. In Muslim Aleppo, however, the community survived, as it does to this day." El Hassan